The original four-finger bar was developed after a worker at Rowntree's York Factory put a suggestion in a recommendation box for a snack that "a man could take to work in his pack". With the promotion of alternative products, the Kit Cat brand decreased and was eventually discontinued. This continued into the 1930s, when Rowntree's shifted focus and production onto its Black Magic and Dairy Box brands. The names were not used immediately and Kit Kat first appeared in the 1920s, when Rowntree's launched a brand of boxed chocolates entitled Kit Cat. The origins of what is now known as the Kit Kat brand go back to 1911, when Rowntree's, a confectionery company based in York, England, trademarked the terms Kit Cat and Kit Kat. Use of the name Kit Kat or Kit Cat for a type of food goes back to the 18th century, when mutton pies known as a Kit Kat were served at meetings of the political Kit-Cat Club in London owned by pastry chef Christopher Cat. Since 1986 in the U.S., the jingle used in television advertisements has been "Gimme a break, Gimme a break, Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat bar!" History Since making its first television appearance in a UK commercial in 1958, the slogan for the Kit Kat in the UK and elsewhere has been "Have a break. It was renamed Kit Kat Chocolate Crisp in 1937, and just Kit Kat after World War II. It was launched in September 1935 in the UK as Rowntree's Chocolate Crisp, and the later two-finger version was launched in 1936. The original four-finger version of the bar was developed after a worker at Rowntree's York factory put a suggestion in the recommendation box for "a chocolate bar that a man could take to work in his pack up". There are many flavours of Kit Kat, including milk, white, and dark chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. The standard bars consist of two or four pieces composed of three layers of wafer, separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate. Reese Candy Company, a division of the Hershey Company (an agreement Rowntree's first made with Hershey in 1970). Kit Kat (stylised as KitKat in various countries) is a chocolate-covered wafer bar confection created by Rowntree's of York, United Kingdom, and is now produced globally by Nestlé (which acquired Rowntree's in 1988), except in the United States, where it is made under licence by the H. "Gimme a break, Gimme a break, Break me off a piece of that Kit Kat Bar!", "Break time, anytime" The ability to make change may make or break sales for people carrying around larger bills.29 August 1935 87 years ago ( ) (officially.) Go to the bank before you start selling and have at least $20 in change available. Even a good photo or drawn picture can help boost sales. The smell alone could persuade someone who is hungry and happens to be passing by. Open one so people can look at and smell the chocolate. Lay out a few candy bars for people to see. A good visual is sometimes all it takes to persuade someone to try something new. You could also hand out fliers in a school or a workplace as a reminder to bring money. $1 per bar” in the area you plan to be working. For example, place a small sign advertising “Candy Sale Tomorrow from 2-4 p.m. Because so many people rely on bank cards for daily purchases, it would be very helpful to your customers to know about the sale ahead of time, so that they will be ready with cash on hand. Call ahead to plead your case, and kindly ask for permission to use the area, during a specified time, for the good of your organization. Fundraising parties do not require a legal permit to sell candy bars however, you will need permission from a property owner to sell on his or her property, if that property is private. Get permission to sell at your location, if necessary.
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The Kien Giang restaurant on Charlotte Pike has been serving up authentic and affordable Vietnamese food for more than 20 years, offering a full lunch and dinner menu of Vietnamese meals. They also have plate lunches and sandwiches.ĭetails: Varallo's, at 239 Fourth Ave. N., just north of the Arcade, is open 6 a.m. Try a bowl of the "Three Way Chile" - chili, tamale and spaghetti - for $4.75, or a king sized portion for $5.75. This downtown Nashville fixture, which has been serving up chili for 113 years, got a new owner, Bob Peabody, in November but is serving the same food that the Varallo family ladled up all these years. Open Monday through Saturday for lunch and dinner and weekdays for breakfast. Of course, you do need to factor in a tip.ĭinner is a higher priced experience, but offers but offers free shuttle to downtown performance venues.ĭetails: Midtown Cafe is at 102 19th Ave. Another $9.99 option is the signature lemon artichoke soup and a half salad. Pay attention to the menu and you can find some real deals - the chicken croquettes, which comes with sweet pea cream sauce, rice pilaf and confetti veggies, and meatloaf, which is served with garlic mashed potatoes and green beans, are both $9.99.Īnd if you show your AAA membership card, you get 10% off. Sometimes it is not where you go, but what you order, and Randy Rayburn's Midtown Cafe is one of my favorites. More: Dairy King gives you the royal treatment at peasant prices 8. And if you are a banana pudding person, order a homemade portion it as your finish for $2.50.ĭetails: Dairy King is at 306 East Thompson Lane. A 5-ounce burger is $3.39 or a double, with 10-ounces of meat is $5. The cafeteria style menu rotates from day to day, but owner Jeff Jones says popular items include the Thursday fried chicken, and Friday turkey and dressing, and the griddle cornbread every day.Ī meat and two veggies is $7.75 or a meat and three for $9.30, including a roll or cornbread. This homey South Nashville mainstay serves affordable meat and three lunches and dinners Monday through Friday, as well as burgers and assorted ice cream treats. Open for lunch Monday - Friday and for dinner on the first Saturday of the month. Cheap: Ajora in Nashville's Historic Arcade serves up a delicious and bargain priced Ethiopian lunchĭetails: or 61. The combo plates are $8.75 including a meat and two vegetables. This small Ethiopian eatery in the Arcade downtown serves up some wonderful authentic Ethiopian dishes. The friendly Ajora owners Zeni and Girma Meshesha have been open in the Arcade for six years, making and serving generous portions of their native country's food that Zeni prepares in the small adjoining kitchen, using recipes that were her mother's and grandmother's Ethiopian staples. The salads and chicken plates offer a great (and delicious) value. Don't miss the black beans.ĭetails: Open lunch and dinner. Locally owned Calypso Cafe's three Nashville locations offer a happy healthy lunch, with almost everything on the Caribbean inspired menu less than $10. Sides include Mexican corn, Cuban black beans and fried plantains. Teresa Mason's Mas Tacos Mexican cantina in East Nashville offers wonderful chicken tortilla soup, and lots of tacos (chicken, pork, fried avocado, fried tilapia) at great prices.ĭrink tap water and you can easily eat for $8, including tax. But even at a little over ten bucks, these are what I would call affordable meals, at least when compared to Brad's extravagant picks. There are a few that push the $10 limit when you add tax and tip. Most of my recommendations are at or below $10 if you drink tap water rather than soda or tea. Hmm, I love a challenge! and enjoying affordable restaurant meal deals is one of my specialties. RELATED: Nashville's top 25 restaurants for a new decade, ranked View Gallery: Cheap lunch in Nashville: Restaurants with meals for $10 or lessĪs fellow columnist Brad Schmitt and I were tossing around story ideas for a food package, Brad pitched a roundup of the " 25 best restaurants" in Nashville, and started spouting off names of the high brow, hoity toity eateries that most of us only read about.īut I wanted to be sure the more affordable options were represented, too, and I suggested that I write a companion column featuring 25 of my favorite affordable local places where you could get a good meal for $10 or less.īefore I could elaborate, Brad admonished me from his veritable catbird seat, saying: "I don't think you can come up with 25 places under $10 that are worth a $#%." The cameras are pointed at the main and side entrance and the driveway. *This cabin has 3 cameras for security purposes only. * Free pool/pond access Honeysuckle Meadows Pool/Deli (Open daily May-Oct, 10am-9pm) The hot tub is on the lower level overlooking views of the mountains. There is a futon in the game room as well as 2 bedrooms with 1 queen and 1 King and a tub/shower combo bath. The lower level has a game room with pool table, mini bar and a stack washer/dryer. There is an open loft sitting area with a card table. This bedroom has a gas fireplace for your enjoyment. It has received 20 reviews with an average rating of 4.4 stars. One mile off interstate and very close to fuel. The business is listed under campground category. Valley Breeze RV Campground 19 reviews Contact Info KY Call Valley Breeze RV Campground Website Pets Allowed Big Rigs Campground Rates report rates Reported Rates write a review Reviews (avg. The upper level is a king en-suite with a Jacuzzi tub/shower combo. Valley Breeze RV Campground is a Campground located in 878 KY-1947, Grayson, Kentucky, US. The deck on this main level wraps around 3 sides of the cabin with a Gazebo. The main level of the cabin has your living room with Smart TV including Netflix along with gas fireplace, kitchen, dining room, New Mattress 2022, one on the right, 2 Queen bedrooms and a full bath with a tub/shower combo (its located between the 2 bedrooms). 7 TVs, 3 fireplaces, pool table in game room. This is a beautiful 5 bedroom, 3 bath cabin on 3 levels that has everything you could possibly want in a cabin that is PRICED RIGHT. These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'turnover.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Ben Protess, New York Times, 30 July 2023 See More 2023 The Trump Organization ultimately turned over the surveillance tapes, and the indictment does not accuse any Mar-a-Lago employees of destroying the footage. 2023 The details were shared in a brief preliminary hearing, during which the prosecution turned over four hard drives containing the evidence to Suffolk County Supreme Court Justice Timothy Mazzei and Heuermann's attorney, Michael Brown. Paighten Harkins, The Salt Lake Tribune, 2 Aug. 2023 On Tuesday, mayors across Salt Lake County turned over a winter shelter plan to Niederhauser. 2023 Washington - Special counsel Jack Smith's office may not have fully reviewed thousands of pages of records turned over by former New York City Police Commissioner Bernard Kerik before seeking an indictment of former President Donald Trump Tuesday, says Kerik's attorney, Tim Parlatore. 2023 Majors’ lawyer, Priya Chaudhry, filed a motion to postpone the trial, stating that prosecutors weren’t turning over evidence in a timely manner. 2023 In addition, two dogs, two horses, a cow, a lizard and a snake were found alive and turned over to animal control. Alanna Durkin Richer, Anchorage Daily News, 5 Aug. 2023 The magistrate judge in that case agreed to a protective order in June that prohibits Trump and his legal team from publicly disclosing evidence turned over to them by prosecutors without prior approval. Verb The authorities contacted the state dog warden to turn over the animal. Emmanuel Morgan, New York Times, 27 July 2023 Saja Hindi, Anchorage Daily News, 30 July 2023 The ground game allowed Jones to thrive with play-action passes and efficient short throws after struggling with turnovers earlier in his career. Michael Kan, PCMAG, 31 July 2023 The labor unit has joined SEIU Local 105 after more than a year of organizing, with workers citing problems such as large workloads, high rates of turnover among staff, inadequate training and resources, poor handling of responses to trauma, and punishment for speaking out. 2023 That said, the accomplishment may stir up concerns about labor conditions at Amazon warehouses, where turnover can be high. successfully defended rookie Quentin Johnston - that most recent first-round pick - three times during the final four snaps to force a turnover on downs inside the five-yard line. 2023 In the 30,000-person city within a city that is the Capitol complex, the turnover numbers are only part of the story. 2023 That adjustment, in my mind, will address the balls that did result in us probably not being in the Super Bowl, and certainly his turnovers. 2023 Arkansas' public school system, ranging from kindergarten through 12th grade, saw an overall uptick in teacher turnover during the pandemic, according to a study by a research team at the University of Arkansas at Fayetteville. Noun The quick turnover of niche aesthetics like coastal grandmothers and tomato girls presents challenges for sales teams and trend forecasters alike, as what’s in one day could be out of style the next. We would be happy to discuss how to use the SDI in your organisation to improve communication and personal effectiveness. (We can also use the Thomas Killman profile which focuses on the choices you make to deal with conflict or not.) For further details see our Dealing with Conflict Workshop Programme. We have been successfully exploring and diffusing conflict with the Strength Deployment Inventory SDI®, which is excellent at looking at peoples individual conflict pattern. Increased or decreased workload, redundancy, increased stress, the net result is we are starting to see more conflict in organisations. There are various versions options avaiable and we are able to work with you to find the most appropriate version for your needs. Because of its accuracy and simplicity the strength deployment inventory is a real pleasure to work with.Ĭompleting the SDI is straight forward and the high quality reports add extra weight to the tool itself. We have used it successfully in team development, motivation training and also in conflict resolution, to name a few. When things are going wrong and you could be potentially finding yourself in conflict with others.When things are going well for you and you feel good about yourself.The SDI is completed by answering specific questions that look at the following two situations Porter, and is based around recognising our motivational value system, which will tend to stay fixed even though our beliefs, values, behaviours may well change over time. The SDI® – Strength Deployment Inventory Tool® was developed in the USA by Dr. If you’re reading this, I’m sure you already know what a Magic Mirro looks like, so let’s jump directly into the interesting part of the content. It’s “magic” because it’s a mix between a TV dashboard and a mirror, connected to numerous APIs to display everything you are interested in, nothing like the one in Harry Potter □ As we will learn later, building a Magic Mirror isn’t as complicated as you might think, but the idea was really innovative at the time.Īnyway, in short, a “magic” mirror, is like any mirror, but you’ll add interesting data on it, like a clock, your calendar or the weather forecast for the next few days. Michael Teeuw is the original inventor of the Magic Mirror project, and you can find many resources about it on its website. It is such a beautiful realization once completed, and still something futurist to put in your house, that it peaked the interest of many makers. Like playing classic games on Retropie or watching Netflix with Kodi, building a Magic Mirror is a project that helped popularize the Raspberry Pi. The first third of the book teaches you the basics, but the following chapters include projects you can try on your own. It’s a 30-day challenge where you learn one new thing every day until you become a Raspberry Pi expert. If you’re looking to quickly progress on Raspberry Pi, you can check out my e-book here. You are welcome to use this guide as a buffet, and skip parts if you already know them or are seeking something specific. I’ll also give you some tips to optimize your setup overall. In this guide, I’ll give you a brief introduction about the Magic Mirror project, then we’ll see the best installation method (several are available), and then I’ll take some time to explain the configuration that is not especially intuitive (like tweaking things and adding new fun modules). If you are interested in this project and need more information, keep reading! This is why I decided to write the ultimate installation guide to set up a Magic Mirror. After trying it myself, I noticed that the official documentation is a bit complex for beginners to follow, and other guides don’t help that much.
And new MoCA 2.5 technology allows for speeds as high as 2.5Gbps. This means you can get a high-quality, wired signal just about anywhere in your home. More importantly, you can do this without interfering with your TV’s existing signal. If you have a wall jack with a TV in your bedroom or office, you can convert it into an internet cable. MoCA technology, on the other hand, allows you to transmit data over your home’s existing coaxial cables. Meanwhile, if there were existing cables for your cable television, they couldn’t be used for the same purpose. For instance, if your WiFi issues were caused by a stone wall, you’d have to drill through the wall. But this could involve complex - and expensive - installation. To be fair, you’ve always had the ability to install a coax extension cable or switch in your home. It’s able to do this because it uses a wired connection, which is more reliable by its very nature. MoCA is designed to provide lower latency than WiFi, and to get around wireless range limitations. By establishing a single standard, manufacturers ensure that all MoCA hardware will be compatible. Like many connection standards, this alliance is a group of tech companies who have come together in mutual self-interest. MoCA is short for Multimedia over Coax Alliance. Between players of similar skill, that delay can make a big difference. If you have a latency of 15ms, you’re literally 15 milliseconds behind all of your opponents. But it’s a serious problem for online gaming. This isn’t typically an issue for streaming apps, since the buffer compensates for any slight delay. High latency, on the other hand, can cause trouble for apps that rely on a consistent, stable signal. The lower the latency, the more reliable the signal. Latency is the delay between a packet arriving at your router and when it arrives at your device, and vice-versa. Even with a good router and a high-speed internet plan, your streaming devices can end up struggling.Īnother WiFi-related issue is latency. These can quickly degrade a WiFi signal, especially if the signal needs to penetrate more than one wall. For instance, many homes have interior brick or masonry walls. But not everyone’s home has that type of design. Modern routers are well-engineered enough to cover your typical suburban wood frame house. In many homes, range isn’t going to be a concern. There are two separate issues to deal with here: range and latency. MoCA is a relatively new technology designed to compensate for the weaknesses of a WiFi network. But first, we’ll talk about MoCA technology, and why it’s worth considering. We’ll talk about how they work, and how well they’re constructed. Which one is the best? To find out, we’re going to have to take a closer look. This is a similar adapter, but with a compact form factor. Last but not least, we’ll examine the Hitron HT-EM4. Then again, it’s significantly more affordable. This is another ultra-fast adapter, but lacks the Actiontek’s on-board security features. This adapter offers ultra-fast 2.5Gbps speeds, as well as advanced security features. To begin with, we’ll review the Actiontec ECB6250. Today, we’ll be looking at three of the best MoCA 2.5 network adapters for Ethernet over coax. But in the right place, they can turn a shoddy home network into a streaming and gaming paradise. They’re not a perfect solution for every situation. These adapters use your home’s existing coax cables to spread the signal throughout the building. One solution is to use a MoCA 2.5 network adapter. There are some options for this, like a mesh WiFi router, but as we’ll see, WiFi isn’t always perfect. In that case, you’re going to need some way of spreading out the signal. For example, what if you have a ranch home? Because the space is so spread out, that 2,500-square foot may only cover 1,000. But not everybody is ideally set up for a single WiFi router. You’d plug in your modem, connect your router, and you’d instantly have WiFi coverage over the entire house. In an ideal world, setting up your home network would be easy. Zooming in on the Photoshop Remove Background Button under Quick Actions 2. This article was originally written for Sitepoint by Jennifer Farley and Gabrielle Gosha.The background should now be completely removed in Photoshop after you complete the last step, which is to navigate to the Quick Actions panel and select the Remove Background button.Ĭlick on the ‚Remove Background‘ button on the right-hand side We have to manually impose that distinction.Īnd don’t forget that if you are saving your image without adding a new background, you need to save it as a PNG to maintain the transparency. There will be times when there is no visual difference between the foreground and background. More complex images will likely require a mix of tools, samplings, and tolerances along with occasional manual touch-ups. If you are working with a basic image with ample visual contrast between the subject and background, you can most likely get away with using only the Background Eraser Tool. I only have a small section I need to touch up, so I’ll use the Pen to create a clean selection and delete the unwanted background. This will be easiest to repair using Photoshop’s Pen tool. In our example, the foreground and background share similar colors due to the lighting. While removing the background on our example image is mostly straight-forward due to the fairly solid background, there are inevitably areas of our foreground subject that get wrongly erased as we work close to foreground’s edges. There’s a good chance the Background Removal Tool may be all you need to complete your task.īut if not, read on. This allowed me to get in between the hair strands without erasing them. The Discontiguous Limit option allows you to erase all pixels that match the sampled color that you’re erasing. The Sampling: Once option samples the color under the crosshair only the moment you click and it doesn’t resample as you move your brush along. In this picture, I switched over to the Sampling: Once option, set my Limits to Discontinguous and set my Toleranceto 30%. 5. Choosing effective limit and sampling settingsĮven though I have used a smaller brush to work around the hair and neck area, the Background Eraser has still managed to gouge a few chunks out of the hair and shirt.įor foreground image areas that share colors with the background (like this one), you may need to adjust the Sampling and Limits. It’s likely that you will need to reduce the size of the brush in some places to ensure that you don’t accidentally erase part of your foreground subject. When erasing, zoom up your work area and try to keep the crosshairs from overlapping on the edge of your foreground. Note: For the example image, I actually used a rather high Tolerance than the 20-25% recommended above due to the wide range of blues behind this subject. It also performs smart color extraction at the edges of any foreground objects to remove ‘color halos’ that might otherwise be visible if the foreground object is overlayed onto another background. The crosshairs show the “hotspot” and delete that color wherever it appears inside the brush area. You should see a brush-sized circle with small crosshairs in the center. 4. Begin erasingīring your brush over your background and begin to erase. A higher tolerance expands the range of colors your eraser will select. Note: A low tolerance limits your eraser to areas that are very similar to your sampled color. Next, on the tool options bar, set the Sampling to Continuous, the Limits to Find Edges and a Tolerance of somewhere between 20-25% is a good starting place. Use the square bracket key ( ) for quickly scaling your brush size. The most appropriate brush size will vary depending on the image you’re working on. On the tool options bar at the top of the screen select a round, hard brush. If it is, simply click and hold the Eraser tool to reveal it. It may be hidden beneath the Eraser tool. Select the Background Eraser tool from the Photoshop toolbox. I’ll be using this image as it features areas that range from easy removal through to more challenging spots. Start by grabbing an image that you want to remove the background from. This tool samples the color at the center of the brush and then deletes pixels of a similar color as you “paint.” It feels like painting with acid. For simple backgrounds, using the standard Magic Wand tool to select and delete the background may well be more than adequate.įor more complicated backgrounds, you might use the Background Eraser tool. Photoshop offers many different techniques to remove an unwanted background from an image. The reason I'm posting this problem to the SCode forum is because this is only a problem for PCs that have UVNC installed by the SCode UVNC installation of UVNC. vnc extension with the winvnc.exe file, it still fails to launch, resulting in a UVNC error "Invalid VNC Server specified". vnc file, the PC doesn't know what application to use to launch the file. From the user's PC, I connect manually to the target PC using UltraVNC and then save the connection info, using the menu in UltraVNC, to a. vnc file on his desktop so he can view security footage. I want to have the Plant Manager be able to launch a remote session using a. For example, we have a PC that serves as a digital recorder for our security IP cameras. Nearly 400,000 subscribers received the newsletter complete with a handwritten tip every day.Sometimes I have situations where I want to give individuals remote VNC access to another PC. He gave advice on dark web scans on Miami's NBC 6, discussed Windows XP's demise on WGN-TV's Midday News in Chicago, and shared his CES experiences on WJR-AM's Guy Gordon Show in Detroit.Ĭhris also ran MakeUseOf's email newsletter for two years. In addition to his extensive writing experience, Chris has been interviewed as a technology expert on TV news and radio shows. The company's project was later reportedly shut down by the U.S. A wave of negative publicity ensued, with coverage on BuzzFeed News, CNBC, the BBC, and TechCrunch. At CES 2018, he broke the news about Kodak's "KashMiner" Bitcoin mining scheme with a viral tweet. Starting in 2015, Chris attended the Computer Electronics Show (CES) in Las Vegas for five years running. His work has even appeared on the front page of Reddit.Īrticles he's written have been used as a source for everything from books like Team Human by Douglas Rushkoff, media theory professor at the City University of New York's Queens College and CNN contributor, to university textbooks and even late-night TV shows like Comedy Central's with Chris Hardwick. His roundups of new features in Windows 10 updates have been called "the most detailed, useful Windows version previews of anyone on the web" and covered by prominent Windows journalists like Paul Thurrott and Mary Jo Foley on TWiT's Windows Weekly. Instructional tutorials he's written have been linked to by organizations like The New York Times, Wirecutter, Lifehacker, the BBC, CNET, Ars Technica, and John Gruber's Daring Fireball. The news he's broken has been covered by outlets like the BBC, The Verge, Slate, Gizmodo, Engadget, TechCrunch, Digital Trends, ZDNet, The Next Web, and Techmeme. Beyond the column, he wrote about everything from Windows to tech travel tips. He founded PCWorld's "World Beyond Windows" column, which covered the latest developments in open-source operating systems like Linux and Chrome OS. He also wrote the USA's most-saved article of 2021, according to Pocket.Ĭhris was a PCWorld columnist for two years. Beyond the web, his work has appeared in the print edition of The New York Times (September 9, 2019) and in PCWorld's print magazines, specifically in the August 2013 and July 2013 editions, where his story was on the cover. With over a decade of writing experience in the field of technology, Chris has written for a variety of publications including The New York Times, Reader's Digest, IDG's PCWorld, Digital Trends, and MakeUseOf. Chris has personally written over 2,000 articles that have been read more than one billion times-and that's just here at How-To Geek. Chris Hoffman is the former Editor-in-Chief of How-To Geek. Although a variety of traditional analytical and experimental methods for analyzing dental stresses, such as photoelasticity, interferometric holography, and strain gauges, have shed some light on the mechanism of orthodontic tooth movement, they have been unable to clarify the micro-environmental changes around the periodontal ligament (PDL) and within the bone. It is very difficult to measure clinically the stress induced at various locations within the root by different types of orthodontic tooth movement. That being said, mesial movement of the posterior teeth is known to be more problematic in lingual orthodontics than in the labial technique, as the periodontal stresses generated by orthodontic forces are transferred to the alveolar bone, leading to resorption in compressed regions and apposition where the bone is under tensile stress. This clinical procedure appears to offer better anchorage on the lower posterior teeth than labial treatment, due to the different point of force application. In particular, for aesthetic reasons, the six anterior teeth are generally retracted as a unit in the lingual technique, so as not to create any space between canines and lateral incisors. Nevertheless, lingual appliances have their own peculiar biomechanics, distinct from that of conventional orthodontics, and special care must be taken in their application. Lingual appliances marked a great leap forward in aesthetic orthodontics, thanks to their unobtrusiveness, and recent improvements in terms of indirect lingual bracket bonding, new archwire materials, and computerized planning systems have made the technique even simpler and more precise. labial bracket placement influences the pattern of tooth movement, but the stress that occurs around the teeth can be accurately mapped using a 3D FEM model. At the premolars and first molars, intrusion, lingual movements, and lingual tipping were seen with the labial archwire, while intrusion was accompanied by labial movements, mesial tipping, and buccal rotation with lingual mechanics. Lingual tipping and extrusion of the anterior dentition occurred with both archwires. The Algor program (Algor Inc., Pittsburgh, PA, USA) was used to calculate the strains and displacements at each nodal point. The type of finite element used in the analysis was an eight-noded brick element. En masse retraction was simulated by applying 300 g of distal force from the canine to the second premolar on the 0.016 × 0.022-in. SS labial (Tru-Arch form, small size) and lingual (mushroom) archwires. GAC Roth Ovation labial and Ormco 7th Generation lingual brackets were virtually bonded to the lower teeth and threaded with 0.018 × 0.025- and 0.016 × 0.022-in. MethodsĪ 3D FEM of each lower tooth was constructed and located as appropriate to Roth's prescription. The aim of this study was to compare displacements and stress after en masse retraction of mandibular dentition with lingual and labial orthodontics using three-dimensional (3D) finite element models (FEM). |
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